Virginia Woolf s Mrs. Dalloway And Morrison s Song Of...

Virginia Woolf and Toni Morrison both depict the fallout from traumatic historical events as a longstanding affair, often lasting generations and affecting those who are not even be directly involved in the trauma. Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and Morrison’s Song of Solomon do a marvelous job of portraying the macrocosm of traumatic historical events (World War I for Woolf, racist violence and slavery for Morrison), but more importantly they beautifully render the microcosm of how people suffer as a result of those events. Thanks to representations of various characters and the ways they cope or fail to cope with such trauma, Woolf and Morrison show the necessity of community in coping and how far-reaching a community can be in the way it affects people. The fact is, characters who lack communities to support them through traumatic events are shown to handle their pain much worse than those with communities. One clear example from Mrs. Dalloway is Septimus Smith, the World War I veteran suffering from what we would probably diagnose today as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Woolf repeatedly enforces Septimus’s loneliness and despair throughout the novel. Neither the doctors who attempt to treat him nor his wife Lucrezia understand him. As the narrator says, â€Å"But Rezia could not understand him,† and â€Å"So he was deserted.† These characters act in ways that may or may not be in Septimus’s best interests, such as Dr. William Bradshaw with his emphasis on â€Å"proportion† and ensuring

Essay on Letter from Birmingham Jail Brief Analysis

‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ Rhetorical Analysis Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was arrested and placed in Birmingham jail after leading a non-violent march to protest racism in the streets of Alabama- a highly segregated state at the time. There he received a newspaper containing â€Å"A Call for Unity,† which was written by eight white Alabama clergymen criticizing King and his movement’s methods; this prompted King to write a letter in response to the critics. Martin Luther King Jr. employs ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade and demonstrate to the critics and other readers the many injustices of segregation. Martin Luther King Jr. exercised the rhetorical method of ethos to present his†¦show more content†¦For example, in lines 69-76, King answers the critics questioning of his use of direct action and marches to protest against segregation. He states that â€Å"nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored† (71-73). This explanation is so broken down and easy to understand that it would not make sense to disregard it and agree with the critics. Another instance in which King uses logos is when, as mentioned above, he references the Holocaust and Hitler’s mistreatment of Jews in lines 181 to 185. He discusses how the definitions of â€Å"illegal† and â€Å"legal† were skewed during that horrific time period. King connects how the definitions in Germany during the Holocaust are similar to the definitions during the Civil Rights Movement about segregation. This appeals to the critics and readers logos because it forces them to think about how terrible the Holocaust was and the treatment of Jews, and realize that the Jews and the African-Americans were being treated in a similar sense. The way King uses logos, is very e ffective because he makes his ideas and points have sound reasoning while politely diminishing the reasoning of theShow MoreRelated Letters from a Birmingham Jail Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesLetters from a Birmingham Jail Aristotle is a very citable man when it comes to the way we think today. His rhetoric techniques are still being used in todays society. The Neo-Aristotelian Criticism is three different appeals of persuasion. This is ethos, pathos and logos, which makes one heck of a convincing argument. Ethos gives credibility, pathos shows emotion and logos uses words. In the text, Letter from Birmingham Jail, we find many examples of the criticism. Martin Luther King Jr.Read MoreA Comprehensive Information About The Life Of Martin Luther King Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pages Martin Luther King Name of Writer: Name of Institution:  The purpose of this research paper is to provide the comprehensive information about the life of Martin Luther King. This paper provides the deep analysis of different aspects of a life of king along with the comprehensive detail on different movements which he starts during his lifetime to achieve freedom. The whole life achievements of the Martin Luther King is clearly explaining in this paper so that the reader give the comprehensiveRead MoreIncarceration: Prison and Inmates10532 Words   |  43 Pagesincarceration. Incarceration is the detention of a person in a jail or prison. The federal, state, and local governments have facilities to confine people. Individuals awaiting trial, being held pending citations for non-custodial offenses, and those convicted of misdemeanors (crimes which carry a sentence of less than one year), are generally held in jails. These less serious offenses may receive a short term sentence to be served in a local jail or to alternative forms of sanctions, such as communityRead MoreSms System Related Literature4688 Words   |  19 Pagesthe loss of personal and other non-public information (e.g., credit card numbers, passwords). Data Security Restrictions The best way to protect University data is to remove unnecessary data from your computer. Prohibited data should not be stored on your system or device unless you have explicit permission from the Data Governance Board to do so. This includes things like Social Security Numbers, credit card numbers, or checking account numbers. Information about Stanford non-public data and the requirementsRead MorePHL 612: Philosophy of Law5882 Words   |  24 Pagesreadings will be the focus of the questions on the mid term test and final exam. ELABORATION ON COURSE CONTENT: In this course we will focus on the conceptual issues arising from philosophical questions about law: What is law? What makes law valid? How do moral norms and legal norms overlap, and yet ultimately, differ from each other? How do moral perspectives impact upon and influence the articulation and interpretation of legal norms? In what ways do particular interpretations of legal documentsRead MoreFigurative Language and the Canterbury Tales13472 Words   |  54 Pagesverses together, to make lines more memorable, and for humorous effect. †¢ Already American vessels had been searched, seized, and sunk. -John F. Kennedy †¢ I should like to hear him fly with the high fields/ And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land. -Dylan Thomas, â€Å"Fern Hill† 3. allusion: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature, often without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology, biblical referencesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNot Treating It Fairly ..................................................................... 174 Not Accepting the Burden of Proof ............................................................................................. 175 Diverting Attention from the Issue ............................................................................................. 176 Re-defining the Issue ....................................................................................................................Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pages441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearâ„ ¢ – an Australian C A S E O N E high-technology leader Delta Faucet: Global entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the

Cognitive Factors Can Influence Pain - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss how cognitive factors can influence pain perception by citing relevant empirical evidence? Answer: Introduction The essay discusses the approach of cognitive factors in influencing the perception of pain. Painisacompoundbiopsychosocialphenomenonthatbeginsby the communication of various neuroanatomic and neurochemical systems with numerouscognitiveandaffective activities. There is big inter-individual as well as intra-individual variances in pain perception varying on the basis of circumstance and implication of the pain.Different pathways and theregionsofbrain involved are also examined to understand the process and make associations with the correlated activities.The essay reviews various studies on differentaspectsofthe pain perception through cognitive factors. Further analysis is done to evaluate the discussion. The somatic, cognitive,emotionalandbehavioural effects on pain perception are discussed briefly to draw a comparison. The essay is concluded with the summary of the discussion and limitations of the researches in this field. LectureReview A study was conducted to study the cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation. The study was done to understand the process of pain at both cellular and system levels. The study discussed thatbrainstem descending modulatory complex with its pro- and antinociceptivemechanisms has a vital role to play in allowing the extent of nociceptive transmission and in turn managing that the subsequent pain experienced is suitable for the specificcondition of the individual. The study suggested that the factors affecting pain perception are centrally mediated and striking a balance between peripheral andcentral effects and establishing which are due to pathological or cognitive influences will assist in treatment therapies. The literature went on to describe the pain matrix which basically has lateral (sensory-distinguishing) and medial (affective-cognitive-calculative) structural elements. Various cognitive factors like attention, context, and mood are reviewed separately and have been proven to affect the pain perception. the extent of the pain stimulus to which it is defined as emotional and consequently yields an emotional state is based on the actions performed in various areas like amygdala, insular, ventral striatum, ACC, and hippocampus, as well as the PFC.But the role of the influence of emotional and cognitive influences such as anxiety, or depression on pain perception in the descending pain modulatory system is yet to be determined.The study has limitations as Understanding the role of complex behavioural influences and cognition in pain perception in animals is difficult to evaluate due to the shortage of sophisticated behaviouralprototypesand dependency on inception or retracting measures. (Mantyh Patrick, 2007) A study was done to assess the cognitive and emotional regulation of pain and its interference in chronic pain. The study discussedthe mechanisms involved in the variation of pain bycognitive and psychological elements. The study also indicated the recent evidence that reveal that persistent pain can precede to structural and physiological modifications in the mechanism concerned with the psychological alteration of pain perception, causing not only pain but also in changed cognition(Peters, 2015). Different effects of attention and emotion on pain experience and the stimulation of relevant cortical regions on pain stimulusproposes that differentiate altering systems may be responsible for theattentional and emotional influences on pain perception.Projections from the midbrain PAG to brainstem nuclei,involving the rostroventral medulla and the locus coeruleus, to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are the usually reviewed pain modulatory mechanisms. Thesemechanismscontainendogenous o pioids, noradrenaline and serotonin, and perform inhibition as well as excitation actions on spinal cord afferent projection neurons(Voisin, 2005). The question arises that when cognitivefactors can initiate modulatory pathway in brain areas and result in structuraldeviationsdue to chronic pain, then can psychological treatment therapies reverse changes of the brain linkedwith chronic pain.The regions of brain that are involved in the descending modulatory system are not only responsiblefor pain but also for cognitive and emotionalperformance of the individual(Pessoa, 2008). Thus, the development of cognitive insufficiencies as well as anxiety disorders and depression in patients of long-term chronic pain can be explained by the fact that workingof areas of the brainoccupiedin both painregulation and cognitive working is similar.However, the sequentialconnectionbetween pain, cognitive insufficiencies, GAD and depression ishardtoascertain.(Bushnell Low, 2015) Another study discussed the psychobiological intervention of nociception and pain. This study suggested inferences for clinical practice for individuals dealing with chronic pain, and offered sound justification for evaluating and treating pain from a biopsychosocial view point. A part from the somatosensory components of pain perception, cognitive and emotional factors are implied when pain is defined. Pain perception comprises of various psychological processes, involving attention positioning to the pain stimulus, cognitive review of the implication of the stimulus, and the resultant emotional, psychophysiological, and behavioural response, which then follows a feedback mechanism to affect pain perception. One of the practices that comprise pain perception isin which individual subjectively assess the purpose of sensory stimulusradiating from the body to regulate the magnitude to which they indicate the existence of a real or possible damage. The intrinsicinconsistencyof cognitiveevaluation of pain may resultfrom the neurobiologicaldetachmentbetween the sensory andemotionalattributes of the pain perception. Intensitymodulation of pain occurs due tomodified initiation of somatosensory cortex, while unpleasantness modulation of pain occurs due to modified initiation of the anterior cingulate cortex.Thus, in spite of a constant intensity stimulus,a sensory signalactivated from the neck muscles might besensed as warmth, or perceivedas asevere distress. When pain perception is distinguishes asmanageable, the intensity of pain is reduced without any action from individuals side to regulate the pain. The region of brain responsible for determining the extent to which pain is perceived as manageable is ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Also, itsactivation is negatively associated with subjective pain intensity (Garland, 2013). Discussion Pain is a cognizant occurrence, an understanding of the nociceptive input affected by memories, behavioural, pathological, inherited, and cognitive factors. The resulting pain is not always linearly linked to the nociceptive input. Pain is an unpleasant, sensory and subjective experience accompanied by definite or potential tissue injury. Cognitive and emotional effects comprise of a complicated emotional experience that depends on every individual(Fosam, 2016). The antagonistic character of pain produces a strong psychological reaction that feeds back to alter pain perception. Pain often occurs due to emotions of anger, grief, and worrybased on the how the pain is cognitively evaluated. One of the coping mechanisms of pain is distraction. It is found that the perception of pain can be weakened if the subject does cognitive tasks or distracted (Seminowicz Mikulis, 2004).It is also confirmed by a study that even while perceiving mild to moderate pain, cognition-basedactions areslightly affected, and individuals asked to finish an activity, will be able to do so in spite of the pain (Davis Seminowicz, 2007). The initiation and operational link between the downward pain control systems involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and periaqueductal gray. This link is directly related to pain relief, decreasesinitiation of other pain-related areas of the brain, and is believed to also affect the cognitive influences such as distraction, all of which participate in pain relief(Eippert, 2009) The efficiency of pain treatment is also determined by the emotional state of the subject.A negative psychological state and reduced anticipation of treatment success can multiply the intensity of the pain perception, and diminish the analgesic effect of an opioid analgesic. On the contrary, a positive psychological state and anoptimistic anticipation of treatment success can decrease pain and augment clinical effect of the analgesic.The potential clinical effects of the cognitive factors on pain perception can be utilised to voluntarily influence and usedas part of a pain treatment therapy to attainessential and utmost pain relief is still a question. Conclusion Pain perception is a highly subjective phenomenon involving different brain regions and various processes. Pain relief through distraction, educational mediation and vocal manipulation suggests the strong influence of cognition on pain perception and offers a perspective to understand the methods of placebo analgesia.This field demands more research to gain a better understanding of theinfluence of cognitive factors on pain perception.Thekind of the stimulus and the factors that can stop the cognitive pain modulation are also uncertain. The cognitive factors and the process of perception that gives materialise to the experience of pain are also not very well understood. Further study is also required to direct the creation of a rational model that integrates cognitive and neuroimaging evidence, so that all traits of cognitive modulation, including its activation, execution, and regulation can be addressed. Bibliography Bushnell, C., Low, M. ?. (2015, June 14). Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in chronic pain. Nat Rev Neurosci, 14(7), 502-511. Davis, Seminowicz. (2007). nteractions of pain intensity and cognitive load: the brain stays on task. Cereb Cortex, 17(6), 1412-1422. Eippert, F. B. (2009). Direct evidence for spinal cord involvement in placebo analgesia. Science, 326(5951), 404. Fosam, H. (2016, November 8). The Influence of Cognitive Processes on Pain Perception. Retrieved December 5, 2017, from Clinical Pain Advisor: https://www.clinicalpainadvisor.com/chronic-pain/deconstructing-the-sensation-of-pain/article/573823/ Garland, E. L. (2013, September 1). Pain Processing in the Human Nervous System: A Selective Review of Nociceptive and Biobehavioral Pathways. Prim Care, 39(3), 561-571. Mantyh, W., Patrick, I. T. (2007, August 2). The Cerebral Signature for Pain Perception and Its Modulation. Neuron, 55(3), 377-391. Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Rev Neurosci, 148-158. Peters, M. L. (2015). Emotional and Cognitive Influences on Pain Experience. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry, 138-152. Seminowicz, Mikulis, D. a. (2004). Cognitive modulation of pain-related brain responses depends on behavioral strategy. Pain, 112(1-2), 48-58. Voisin, G. C. (2005). Nociceptive stimulation activates locus coeruleus neurones projecting to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat. The Journal of Physiology, 566(3), 929937

Fast Food Industry Essay Example

Fast Food Industry Essay In his essay, â€Å"Fast Food Nation† Eric Schlosser condemns the impact of fast food on human health and American economy. Schlosser detests the fast food chain because it causes thousands of independent business to come to an end. As a result, unemployment plays a major role among these small scale businessmen. In addition it creates social differences among the people due to food market being captured by fast food chain. In order to attain a monopoly and dominate the fast food industry, they employ low paid and unskilled work force which is a threat to the public and migrant farm workers. Every citizen has the right to know the ingredients being used in the food so they can avoid the deleterious effects of the fast food on their health. His assertion, â€Å"introduction of deadly pathogens† states the risk encountered by small children who are the future generation of the modern world ( 392). Addition of harmful chemicals to increase the taste and aroma of food leads to chronic diseases like cancer, stroke and heart diseases. Furthermore Schlosser’s fear about the fast food being a social problem and turning out to be a threat to the American economy is the pinnacle of this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Small scale farms and full-time farmers are in the risk of losing their livelihood with the emergence of the fast food industry. He also points out the inability of the Government to eliminate the lethal meat which paves its way into the fast food industry and pose health problems. Then he moves onto the consumers and asserts that, â€Å"Even the anticipation of consumer anger has prompted McDonald’s to demand changes from its suppliers,† – this reveals that the consumers should be provoked and created an awareness about the ins and outs of the food they are eating (396). The insight of the author about the fast food industry builds up in a gradual process and finally reiterates the need for the public to take immediate action and cease the use of fast food as their regular food and search for other healthy options like simple and healthy cooking which would help them retain a hale and a healthy life. Saying no to the fast food makes the fast food industry to rethink their formula of safe food and saves our precious life as well as the future generation. Let’s think about it.

The War on Drugs essays

The War on Drugs essays In todays society, the war on drugs has become a major issue in our cities and the business community. Many cities have started programs to make the situation better, but some have failed and the situation has become worse. The root of all the problems discussed in this case study, can be linked to drugs. There are many organizations and volunteer community groups as well as law enforcement, that are continuously trying to make our cities safe. This struggle is know globally as the War on Drugs. The war on drugs is a very big part of our society. We face difficult decisions everyday dealing with drugs and how they affect our cities. Our children play a big role in that society, and they are a major factor on the war against drugs. We try to keep children away from the drug situation, but you cannot isolate them forever. Children will have to face the issue as they get older, or even while they are young. We must teach our children about the issues on drugs and make sure they are aware of the dealings that go on. Most children cannot speak to their parents about drugs, and those are the children who are usually doing drugs. If children cannot be open with their parents, they will find some other means of dealing with drug issues. Nearly thirty years ago, the Nixon administration was the first administration to declare the war on drugs. President Nixon is credited with setting up the first methadone centers and abstinence programs cross the country. At the time these programs received two-thirds of the federal drug budget and the results were: crime rates fell and fewer people died of overdose. The Just Say No movement (led by first lady Nancy Reagan) was coupled with rigorous law enforcement and produced solid results. By 1992, for example, marijuana use by high school students had dropped significantly (http://ehostvgw15.epnet.com). ...

Kind Hearted Woman Blues by Rober Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kind Hearted Woman Blues by Rober Johnson - Essay Example Composer: The song was composed on November 23, 1936 in San Antonio, Texas by the legendary bluesman and American musician Robert Johnson. This was the first blues song that Johnson recorded in his successful attempt of blending the style of a number of other popular and contemporary blues composers including Leroy Carr, Kokomo Arnold, and Joe Pullum. Singer: Robert Johnson recorded this song in 1936. Known for his combination blues style of music, â€Å"Kind Hearted Woman Blues† is Johnson’s only guitar solo ever recorded. Johnson’s blues style is a remarkable instance of blending a variation of music including song writing talent, singing and guitar skills. Recognized as one of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of all time (in Rolling Stone’s list), Robert Johnson travelled places, experienced different long term relationships, learned various blues styles, and instilled everything gathered in his music. This is why Johnson’s blues style differs remarkably from other blues singers and musicians of his time. Performance practice: With â€Å"Kind Hearted Woman Blues†, Robert Johnson started his first and only recording session with a short guitar solo in 1936. The song was recorded in a temporary studio with Johnson facing the wall while performing. Witnesses say he was a shy and reserved performer. However, this method of performing while facing a corner would also indicate the technique of corner loading in practicing which is done in order to enhance the sound of the guitar. A typical Robert Johnson recording session starts with a short warm-up session and then slowly moves on to practicing a mixing fingerstyle and pick playing. Historical period: Blues music in the 1930s is a significant part of pre-war blues music which remarkably witnessed creation and improvement in a number of popular blues styles including various traditional and rural country blues, urban blues, big band blues, and a combination blues of

REPEAT OFFENDERS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS Research Paper

REPEAT OFFENDERS IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS - Research Paper Example Community corrections have their pedigrees in community-based programming adopted by non-governmental organizations. Notably, community corrections are an assortment of numerous reprimands for nonaggressive wrongdoers. Community corrections were adopted three decades ago and have offered residential services in halfway accommodation. Community corrections were introduced for a number of aims, the key one being to instill discipline and hold the offender accountable for their felonious deeds. The other purposes of these corrections comprise protecting public safety and provision of restitution to communities by the felons through restitution programs. Nonetheless, the proportion of wrongdoers has augmented and there have been little changes in strategy on handling the offenders, since all the offenders come from different backgrounds and have different desires. The the system has unceasingly adopted the â€Å"one size fits all† tactic without considering their different circums tances. As a result, the community corrections system grapples to offer useful interventions for the huge number of people who pass through the system annually. It is because of this lack of follow up that the offenders find themselves repeating crimes and ending up in the community corrections again. Recidivism refers to an individual’s reversion into an unlawful deed after an intermediation or sanction for a previous offense. Recidivism is a critical concept in criminal justice that is assessed through criminal acts that lead to re-incarceration and return to prison or correction center for the first three years after discharge. For the past years, the proportion of repeat offenders into correction centers has shot up. The National Institute of Justice (2014) acknowledges that two thirds of the released prisoners indulge in crime activities that get them back to prison or other correction facilities after 3